Though men are killed, Napoleon succeeds in controlling the mob, and is soon given command of the French army. By , French wars continue to infest Europe, and Britain refuses to surrender to French troops. Napoleon launches his Italian Campaign, surprises Austrian troops and attacks successfully, proving to be a strong and influential leader.
As Napoleon's popularity and ambition soar, he sets out to destroy British troops by invading Egypt in May of After some successful battles, the French fleet is destroyed by British troops in August. Paris hosts an international exposition in September of , but economic conditions remain grim. In the same year, France invades Switzerland.
Domestically, France continues to suffer poor economic conditions, and the Directory is plagued by corruption. Napoleon returns to France and conspires to overthrow the Directory through the coup of 18 Brumaire November , Girondins were convinced that their opponents aspired to a bloody dictatorship, while the Montagnards believed that Girondins were ready for any compromise with conservatives and royalists that would guarantee their remaining in power. The bitter enmity soon paralyzed the Convention.
The political deadlock, which had repercussions all over France, eventually drove both major factions to accept dangerous allies, royalists in the case of Girondins and the sans-culottes in that of the Montagnards.
In June , 80, armed sans-culottes surrounded the Convention. After deputies who attempted to leave were met with guns, they resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins. Thus, the Girondins ceased to be a political force. Throughout the winter of and spring of , Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention, occupied mostly with matters of war, did little to remedy the problem until April when they created the Committee of Public Safety. In response, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror and perceived enemies of the republic were persecuted at an ever-increasing rate.
It acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching on the capital. Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of , which was ratified by popular vote in early August.
The Committee carried out thousands of executions against supposed enemies of the young Republic. Its laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights—they introduced the revolutionary calendar in , closed churches in and around Paris as a part of a movement of dechristianization, tried and executed Marie Antoinette, and instituted the Law of Suspects, among others. Shortly after a decisive military victory over Austria at the Battle of Fleurus, Robespierre was overthrown in July and the reign of the standing Committee of Public Safety was ended.
After the arrest and execution of Robespierre, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated Thermidorian Reaction. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body.
On November 3, , the Directory — a bicameral parliament — was established and the National Convention ceased to exist. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content.
On October 5, , a mob of angry and hungry French women marched on Versailles, bringing the royal family back to Paris to deal with the food shortage. SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook. Terms Key Terms. Terms August Decrees A series of decrees issued by the National Assembly in August that successfully suppressed the Great Fear by releasing all peasants from feudal contracts.
Bastille A large armory and state prison in the center of Paris that a mob of sans-culottes sacked on July 14, , giving the masses arms for insurrection.
Bourgeoisie The middle and upper classes of French society who, as members of the Third Estate , wanted an end to the principle of privilege that governed French society in the late s. Civil Constitution of the Clergy A document, issued by the National Assembly in July , that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops.
Constitution of The new French constitution that in established a constitutional monarchy , or limited monarchy, with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly. Declaration of Pillnitz An August 27, , warning from Prussia and Austria announcing that they would intervene militarily in France if any harm came to King Louis XVI , who had just been captured trying to escape with his family from Paris. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen A document, issued by the National Assembly on August 26, , that granted sovereignty to all French people.
Estates-General A medieval representative institution in France that had not met for years before King Louis XVI reconvened it on May 5, , to deal with the looming financial crisis. Girondins The name given to the moderates in the National Convention.
Great Fear A period in July and August during which rural peasants revolted against their feudal landlords and wreaked havoc in the French countryside. Jacobins The radical wing of representatives in the National Convention , named for their secret meeting place in the Jacobin Club, in an abandoned Paris monastery.
Limited Monarchy Also known as constitutional monarchy , a system of government in which a king or queen reigns as head of state but with power that is limited by real power lying in a legislature and an independent court system.
Monarchy The form of government, common to most European countries at the time of the French Revolution, in which one king or queen, from a designated royal dynasty , holds control over policy and has the final say on all such matters. National Convention The body that replaced the Legislative Assembly following a successful election in Parlements A set of thirteen provincial judicial boards—one based in Paris and the other twelve in major provincial cities—that constituted the independent judiciary of France.
Reign of Terror A ten-month period of oppression and execution from late to mid, organized by Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety to suppress any potential enemies of the radical Revolution.
Thermidorian Reaction The post— Reign of Terror period ushered in by the execution of Maximilien Robespierre in July and the reassertion of moderate power over the French Revolution. Third Estate One of the three estates in the Estates-General , consisting of the commoners of France, whether rich merchants or poor peasants. Tuileries The palace in Paris in which King Louis XVI and his family were placed under house arrest after they were forcibly taken from their court at Versailles.
0コメント